Adult-onset deletion of the Prader-Willi syndrome susceptibility gene Snord116 in mice results in reduced feeding and increased fat mass

Figure 1 Conditional knockdown of Snord116. Expression levels of hypothalamic Snord116 mRNA in experimental and control mice, detected by in situ hybridisation, demonstrating partial deletion of Snord116. **, P<0.01; data expressed as mean ± SE.

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The dilemma of diagnostic testing for Prader-Willi syndrome

Figure 2 The three molecular classes of PWS. Blue chromosome is paternal, pink is maternal. The yellow circle represents the 4–6 Mb critical region for PWS. The open circles indicate an active gene, the red cross an inactive (imprinted) gene. The black box indicates an IC defect. PWS, Prader-Willi syndrome; CI, imprinting centre.

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Primary extrapulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in an immunocompetent child presenting with pleural effusion

Figure 2 CECT chest showing moderate to gross left sided pleural effusion.

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TP Annual Report (2016)

We are glad to present you the 2016 Annual Report of the journal Translational Pediatrics (TP) here. In the year of 2016, TP has made significant breakthroughs by being included in PubMed/PMC, Scopus and Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) successively. Besides, two focused issues as well as two featured columns have been published in this year. More information is shown in the Annual Report.

On behalf of the editorial team, we would like to express sincere appreciation for the enthusiastic and vigorous support and contributions from all editorial board members, guest editors, authors, reviewers and readers etc.

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The laparoscopic approach for repair of indirect inguinal hernias in infants and children

Diagnostic laparoscopy is performed. This approach allows for the visualization of both internal rings, provides a visual diagnosis and treatment, and eliminates wrong-side surgery.

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Surgical approaches for varicocele in pediatric patient

View of transperitoneal approach: the spermatic vessels are elevated from the posterior.

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Percutaneous endoscopic treatment for urinary stones in pediatric patients: where we are now

The Valdivia modified Galdakao position of the patient on the operating table for percutaneous renal procedures.

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Focused on Minimally Invasive Surgery in Pediatric Urology

This issue is devoted to the mini-invasively treatment of urological pathologies in pediatric patients. The reader will greatly benefit from the wealth of experience evident throughout this issue and I am grateful to all of the authors for sharing their knowledge so generously.

This issue is dedicated to my father Giovanni Esposito that 25 years ago pushed me to start this exciting and wonderful experience of MIS in pediatric patients.  --Ciro Esposito, MD, PhD, MFAS

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Prophylactic arrhythmia surgery in association with congenital heart disease

A right atrial view of potential prophylactic ablative lesions after aortobicaval cardiopulmonary bypass and cardioplegic arrest.

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How to set-up a program of minimally-invasive surgery for congenital heart defects

Range of approaches introduced by the leading surgeon. (A) Full mid-line sternotomy; (B) lower mid-line sternotomy; (C) right sub-mammary approach; (D) right axillary incision.

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